Celiac disease is a serious genetic autoimmune condition with more than 250 known symptoms. Because these symptoms can differ widely from one person to another, the disease is often difficult to diagnose. As a result, around 83% of people with celiac disease remain undiagnosed or are mistakenly diagnosed with other health issues.
Some of the most common signs and symptoms of celiac disease are the following:
Not sure where to start? Use our celiac disease symptoms checklist to capture your symptoms, then talk with your doctor about whether to get tested for celiac disease.
COMPLETE THE CHECKLISTCeliac disease doesn’t look the same for everyone. The summaries below explain how doctors and researchers group different ‘types’ based on symptoms, test results, and response to a gluten-free diet.
Classical celiac disease is characterized by malabsorption, such as diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, or growth failure. This form of the disease includes cases where patients experience both diarrhea and weight loss, as well as those who present with weight loss and anemia. These are the symptoms that were traditionally associated with celiac disease, but it’s becoming less common than non-classical celiac disease. Doctors now recognize constipation and weight gain as symptoms of celiac disease, too.
Non-classical celiac disease manifests without the traditionally-accepted signs and symptoms. In these instances, patients do not suffer from malabsorption, but may have symptoms like constipation and brain fog. Patients may not present with any of the traditional GI symptoms, but rather with neurological issues, such as depression, migraines or irritability, or may only have uncommon symptoms such as poor teeth quality or night blindness.
Some patients with celiac disease have no symptoms at all. This is called “asymptomatic” or “silent celiac disease.” This occurs when individuals with celiac disease do not display any external symptoms, but still have internal damage to the small intestine or blood results indicating celiac disease.
It’s unclear why some patients do not experience outward symptoms. However, it’s important to note that even individuals with asymptomatic celiac disease will still sustain intestinal damage if they consume gluten, despite not feeling unwell. They should still stick to a strict gluten-free diet at all times.
Potential celiac disease is characterized by a positive blood test result, but a normal or almost normal endoscopy. Patients are usually asked to return in a year or two to repeat the testing.
Non-responsive celiac disease is defined as continuing to have persistent symptoms, elevated antibodies or small intestinal damage even after following a strict gluten-free diet for six to 12 months. Learn more about non-responsive celiac disease.
Refractory celiac disease is marked by a lack of response to a strict gluten-free diet after six to 12 months, with symptoms, intestinal damage and an abnormal population of white blood cells in the gut.
These cells, called abnormal intraepithelial lymphocytes, are unique immune cells found in the lining of the small intestine. Their presence is the distinguishing characteristic of refractory celiac disease because they can be the beginning of cancer. Learn more about refractory celiac disease.
Celiac disease symptoms can develop gradually or all at once; because of this and the fact that there are so many symptoms associated with CD, there are no generally agreed upon “warning signs.” However, celiac disease tends to run in families, so all first-degree relatives of someone with celiac disease should also be tested for CD.
Celiac disease is sometimes called a “clinical chameleon” because so many of its symptoms overlap with other conditions. A few of the most commonly misdiagnosed conditions include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
If an individual with celiac disease eats gluten and has symptoms, many in the community call it a “glutening.” A glutening looks different for each patient: some will spend the next 12 hours heaving over the toilet, whereas others may feel extra-sleepy or have a debilitating headache. Some have an itchy rash called dermatitis herpetiformis, whereas others may experience depression or irritability. It really depends on the individual!
People with celiac disease may have pain in the abdomen, joints or bones.
Yes, you can develop celiac disease at any time in life.
There’s only one way to find out—get tested!
Testing starts will a simple and easy blood test. If that’s positive, patients usually go on to get an upper endoscopy. It’s important to note that you must be eating gluten for the tests to be accurate. Learn more about the testing process.
Because the symptoms vary so widely, and because some patients have no symptoms at all, patients should not be barred from testing based on symptoms or lack thereof. If your doctor doesn’t want to test you, consider sending them to this page!
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